Muqdisho
Muqdisho | |
---|---|
Magaalada | |
Nickname(s): Xamar (Af Ingiriis : Hamar) | |
Dalka | Somalia |
Gobol | Banaadir |
Dowlada | |
• Duqa | Mohamed Nur |
Area | 1,657 km2 (640 sq mi) |
Tirada dadka (2011) | |
• Dhammaan | 1,855,800 |
Aag saacadeed | UTC+3 (EAT (Bariga Afrika) |
Muqdisho (naanays: Xamar) waa caasimada Jamhuuriyadda Fedraalka Soomaaliya, waxa ayna ku taalaa galbeedka Badda Soomaaliyeed, waa magaalo qurux badan oo indhuhu soo jiitaan, oo aay Badda Soomaaliyeed kaga wareegsan tahay sadax jiho.
Waxaa magaalada Muqdisho dhidibada loo aasay waqti aad u fog oo aay taariikhyahanada isku qilaafeen in magaaladani la aas'aasay qarnigii 2aad ama kii 3aad ee taariikhda miilaadiga.
Muqdisho waxey ahaan jirtay xarun ganacsi iyo marin kala qeybiya Hindiya iyo Yurub (inta aan la qodin Kanaalka Suwees) iyo jaziirada carabta iyo xeebta Afrikada bari Magaalada Muqdisho waxey ka koobnaan jirtay 6 xaafadood ama tuulo oo aay deganaayeen qabaail, xaafad kasto waxaa xukumi jiray Sheekh, xaafadaha waxey lahaayeen golaha odayaasha sida qaabka federaalka ah oo kulmiya dhamaan xaafadahaas loogana tashan jiray arimaha magaalada Qarnigii 4aad ee miilaadiga magaalada Muqdisho isku badashay nidaam ama maamul u eg saldanad.
Magacaabida Magaca Muqdisho
The asalka magaca Muqdisho ayaa aragtiyo badan oo ay ka mid yihiin ka Soomaali erayga Muuq Disho taasoo la micno ah hortiisa-dilaaga [1], Laakin aqoonyahanada raadraac luuqada waxay dhahaan ereyga Muqdisho wuxuu ka yimid "muuqday sha", sha oo ah ey oo xiliga qadiimiga ku nolan jiray dhulka Soomaaliya.[2]
Waqtiyadii qarniyadii hore
Muqdisho qayb ka mid ah uu ahaa Soomaali magaalo-goboleedyada in ku hawlan shabakad ganacsi faa'iido badan xira Soomaali baayacmushtariyaasha la Foynike, Ptolemic Masar, Giriiga, Parthian Faaris, Saba, Nabataea iyo Boqortooyada Roomaanka. Badmaaxiinta Soomaaliyeed ayaa adeegsaday markabkii hore ee badda Soomaaliya ee loo yaqaan sariirta si ay xamuulkooda u qaadaan. [3]
Ajuran
Horraantii qarnigii 13aad, Muqdishu iyo magaalooyin kale oo xeebeed iyo kuwa gudaha ah oo ku yaal koonfurta Soomaaliya iyo bariga Abyissina ayaa hoos yimid maamulka Ajuran Sultanate waxayna la kulmeen Da 'Da' kale.
Intii lagu gudajiray socdaalkiisii, Ibn Saciid al-Maghribi (1213–1286) wuxuu xusey in magaalada Muqdishu ay mar horeba noqotay xarunta ugu sareeya islaamka ee gobolka. [4] Waqtigii safarka Moroccan ee Ibn Battuta muuqashadiisa xeebta Soomaaliya 1331, magaaladu waxay ku jirtay xudunta barwaaqada. Waxa uu ku tilmaamay Muqdisho "magaalo aad iyo aad u ballaaran" la baayacmushtariyaasha badan oo hodan ah, taas oo ahayd caan ku tahay tayo sare leh dhar in dhoofiyo Masar, ka mid ah meelaha kale. [5] [6] Wuxuu kaloo sharaxay soo dhoweynta dadka reer Muqdisho iyo sida ay dadka deegaanku u geliyaan safrayaasha guryahooda si ay uga caawiyaan dhaqaalaha maxalliga ah. [7] Battuta wuxuu intaas ku daray in magaalada ay xukumayaan Suldaan Soomaaliyeed, Abu Bakr ibnu Sayx 'Umar, [8] [9] kaas oo asal ahaan ka soo jeeda magaalada Berbera ee waqooyiga Soomaaliya wuxuuna ku hadlaa labada af-soomali (waxaa loo yaqaan Battuta oo ah Benaadir, oo ah koonfurta Soomaaliya ). iyo Carabi si isku mid ah u wada hadla. [9] [10] Suldaanku wuxuu kaloo lahaan jiray waardiyayaal (wasiirro), khubaro xagga sharciga ah, taliyeyaal, saraakiishii boqortooyada, iyo mas'uuliyiin kale oo joogay gadhka. [9] Ibn Khaldun (1332 ilaa 1406) wuxuu ku xusay buuggiisa in Muqdisho ay ahayd magaalo weyn . Wuxuu kaloo sheegtey in magaaladu ay aad ugu badneyd oo ay ku badnaayeen ganacsato hodan ah, hadana reer guuraaga dhaqan ahaan. [11]
Isla muddadaas, ganacsatada Soomaaliyeed waxay u safreen Qaahira, Dimishiq, Mocha, Mombasa, Aden, Madagascar, Hyderabad iyo jasiiradaha Badweynta Hindiya iyo Badda Cas, iyaga oo asaasay jaaliyadaha Soomaalida ee jidka ku sii jiray. Safaradaasi waxay soo saareen shakhsiyaad muhiim ah sida Culimada Muslimka ah Uthman bin Cali Zayla'i ee Masar, Abd al-Aziz oo Muqdishu ka yimid Maldives, iyo sidoo kale sahamin Saciid oo reer Muqdisho ah, oo aakhirkii ka soo safray guud ahaan dunida Muslimka. waxayna booqdeen Shiinaha iyo India qarnigii 14aad.
Vasco Da Gama, oo soo maray magaalada Muqdisho qarnigii 15aad, wuxuu xusay inay tahay magaalo weyn oo leh guryo leh afar ama shan dabaq oo dhaadheer oo kuyaal badhtamaha waaweyn iyo masaajiddo badan oo leh minaarado siman. [12] Qarnigii 16aad, Duarte Barbosa wuxuu xusay in maraakiib fara badan oo ka socda Boqortooyada Cambaya ay u soo safreen Muqdisho iyagoo wata maro iyo udgoon ay iyagu kaga soo qaateen dahab, wax iyo fool maroodi . Barbosa waxay kaloo iftiimisay hilibka badan, qamadiga, shaciirka, fardo, iyo miraha suuqyada xeebaha, kuwaas oo ganacsatada u horseeday hanti aad u badan. [13] Muqdisho, oo ah xarunta warshadaha dhir udgoon ee loo yaqaan 'toob benadir' (oo ku takhasustay suuqyada Masar iyo Siiriya), [14] ay weheliso Merca iyo Barawa ayaa sidoo kale u adeegsan jiray sidii ay u joojin lahaayeen ganacsatada Sawaaxiliga ee Mombasa iyo Malindi iyo ganacsiga dahabiga ah ee ka yimaada. Kilwa. [15] Ganacsato Yuhuud ah oo reer Hormuz ah ayaa iyaguna dharkoodii iyo khudradii Hindiya keenay xeebta Soomaaliya si ay uga beddelaan hadhuudh iyo alwaax. [16]
Boqortooyadii Boortaqiiska ayaa ku guuleysan weyday inay qabsato magaalada Muqdisho halkaas oo uu ku sugnaa taliyihii ciidamada Burtuqiiska ee xoogga badnaa oo la yiraahdo João de Sepúvelda iyo ciidamadii uu watay ay si weyn ugaga adkaadeen ciidamada badda Ajuran intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Benaadir. [17]
Marka loo eego sahamin qarnigii 16-aad, Leo Africanus waxay muujineysaa in dadka asaliga ah ee ku nool Muqdishu caasumada Ajuran Sultanate inay yihiin kuwo asal ahaan ka soo jeeda asalka dadka waqooyiga ee Seila caasimada Adal Sultanate. Waxay guud ahaan ahaayeen dherer leh maqaarka saytuunka ah, qaarna mugdi noqdeen. Waxay xidhnaayeen silsilad cad oo qani ah oo duub ah oo jidhkooda ku xidhnayd oo waxay leeyihiin marawalo Islaami ah oo dadka xeebaha ku noolina waxay xidhaan uun sarsarro, waxayna Carabi ugu hadli jireen sidii lingua franca. Hubkooda wuxuu ka koobnaa hubka caadiga ah ee soomalida sida seefta, daggayaasha, warmaha, faashashka dagaalka, iyo qaansooyinka, in kasta oo ay gacan ka heleen gacan-ku-haynta Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta iyo soo dejinta hub sida muruqyada iyo qumbaha. Intooda badan waxay ahaayeen muslimiin, in kasta oo qaar ka mid ah ay u hoggaansameen dhaqankii beddelka quruxda badnaa; waxaa sidoo kale jiray tiro ka mid ah Masiixiyiinta Abisiniyanka ah oo gudaha kusugan. Magaalada Muqdisho lafteedu waxay ahayd maalqabeen xoog leh, xoogna leh oo si wanaagsan loo dhisay-dawlad-goboleed, kaas oo ilaaliya ganacsiga ganacsiga boqortooyooyinka adduunka oo dhan. Magaalada weyn waxaa ku hareereysan qalcado dhagaxyo ah. [18]
Asaasidii Magaalada Muqdisho
Taariikhyahanada waa aay isku qilaafsan yihiin waqtiga la aasaasay magaalada muqdisho, qaar kamid taariikhyahanada yurub ayaa sheegay in magaalada Muqdisho la aasaasay qarnigii 7aad ama 8aad ee miilaadiga, laakin kuwo badan ayaa waxey sheegeen wax taasi qilaafsan.
Kitaabka taariikhda magaalada Baata (xeebta Afrikada bari) ee lagu qoray afka Sawaaxiliga ayaa waxaa ku qoran qofkii ugu horeeyay ee magaalooyinka xeebaha Afikada Bari aasaasay uu ahaa Khaliifkii Cabdulmalik Ibnu Marwaan sannadku markuu ahaa 77 hijriga, kadib markuu maqlay wararka magaalooyinkaas, wuxuu markaas rajeynaayi inuu halkaas ka dhiso boqortooyo cusub Cabdulmalik Ibnu Marwaan wuxuu halkaas usoo diray rag Suuriyiin, kuwaas oo ah dadkii dhisay magaalooyinka (Baata) (Malindi) (Zinjibar) (Laamo).
Taariikhyahan Taliyaani ah ayaa wuxuu sheegay inaay aay magaalada Muqdisho ahaan jirtay Islaamka ka hor magaalo weyn
Markii Islaamka uu ku faafay magaalada Muqdisho waxey noqotay meel aay soo hijroodaan dadkii carabta ahaa, dadkaas oo halkaas ka abuuray ganacsi Iyo fidinta diinta Islaamka ilaa aay magaalada ka noqoto Minaaradii diinta ee Afrika, dadkaas firkoodi ilaa waqtigan xaadirka ah waxey weli ku noolyihiin magaalada Muqdisho iyo xeebaha Banaadir oo dhan nin magaciisa la dhihi jiray "Ismaaciil Ibn Cumar Ibn Muxammed", ninkaan wuxuu kasoo jeeday reer "Banii Cafaan" wuxuu magaalada Muqdisho uu yimid sannadkii 149 hiriyada. (MIcnaha Muqdisho "Muqa ayey DISHA").
Ibn Batuuta iyo Muqdisho
socday ku dhaheen ninkaan maaha ganacsade ee waa Faqiih, markaas ayey qeyliyeen dhalinyaradii iyagoo ku dhawaaqayay ninkaani wuxuu marti u yahay Qaadiga magaalada.
Waxey igu dhaheen waxaa caado inoo ah markuu magaalada yimaado Faqiiq ama Shariif amaba nin wanaagsan waxaa markiiba loo geeyaa Qaadiga magaalada si uu ula kulmo Suldaanka markaas ayaa waxaa ley geeyay Suldaanka magaalada oo aan la kulmay.
Ibnu Batuuta warbixintiisa wuxuu uga waramay qaabkii wanaagsanaa ee loo soo dhaweeyay iyo marti soorkii ee sadexda maalin ah ahaa ee aay reer Muqdisho u sameeyeen.
Ibnu Batuuta wuxuu yiri: maalintii afaraad ee booqashadeydi magaalada Muqdisho ayaa waxaa ii yimid Qaadiga magaalada iyo ardayda iyo mid kamid ah wasiirada, waxeyna iikeeneen maro "macawis" iyo maro kale garbaha lasaarto iyo camaamad sida kuwa masaarada oo kale, sidoo kale waxe maryo kuwaan oo kale u keeneen dadkii aniga ila socday, kadib waxaan soo aadnay Masjidka jaamica, Suldaanka ayaan salaamay, kadib asigana wuxuu igula hadlay afka Carabiga asiga oo dhahay "Qadamta kheyra maqdam, wa sharafta bilaa dana, wa aanastanaa" taas la micno ah "waxaad timid meel kheyr badan, wadankeena ayaad sharaftay waadna nasoo wehlisay".
Masaajida Magaalada Muqdisho
Magaalada Muqdisho waxey ku caanbaxday masaajido waaweyn oo taariikh fog leh, oo ahaan jirtay goobahii cilmiga loo soo doonan jiray lagana baran jiray culuunta kala duwan, waxaan looga imaan jiray geeska afrika oo dhan waxaa masaajidadaas aay ku caan baxday xalaqaadka tafsiirka, Xadiithka, fiqhiga.
Maamulkii Muqdisho ka jiray waxey ku tartami jireen dhisida masaajida iyo gaabaha lagu barto diinta Islaamka.
Masaajida Muqdisho waxaa ka mid ah:
- 1 - Masjidka Xamar-Weyne (jaamaca) waxaa leysku wada raacsan yahay inuu yahay masjidka ugu fac weyn magaalada Muqdisho, waxaa masjidkaas la dhisay 630 hijriga, masjidka wuxuu leeyahay 81 tiir.
- 2 - Masjidka Arbaca-Rukun oo ladhisay bartamihii qarnigii 7aad ee hijriga.
- 3 - Masjidka Faqrudiin oo la dhisay 667 hijriga, masjidkaan wuxuu ku caan baxay oo dabiyadiisa aay leeyihiin naqshada kala duwan oo aad u qurux badan oo ka sameysan ruqaan.
- 4 - Masjidka Axnaafta oo la dhisay qarnigii 7aad ee hijriga, markii gumeysigii Taliyaaniga dalka qabsaday wey dumiyeen masjidkaas waxey ka duldhiseen baar aay u bixiyeen ‘’BAR SAVOY’’.
Degmooyinka ay ka koobantahay Muqdisho
Cabdcasiis | Boondheere, | Dharkenley | Dayniile |
---|---|---|---|
Xamar-Jajab | Xamar-Weyne | Heliwa | Howl-Wadaag |
Shangaani | Shibis | Waberi | Kaaraan, |
Wadajir, | Wardhiigley | Yaaqshiid | Hodan |
Inta duq magaalo ee soo martay Muqdisho 1930 - 1990
- 1 - Dr. Campani Romeo, Podesta, 1936 Disembar 1-da-k
- 2 - Rag Scarpa, Podesta, 15-k-k Disembar 1937.
- 3 - Dr. Sicar, Podestà, 1-DII Maarso 1937-k.
- 4 - Dr. Barbino Luigi, Podestà, 3-1937-k da Juun.
- 5 - Dr. Baudino Marcelio, Podesta Aviazione Capitano da Novembar ,1-1937-k.
- 6 - Dr. Guliano Sanatore, Podestà, Disembar 1938-k.
- 7 - Dr . Bartelli Pietro, Commisario straordinario, Febraayo 1941-gii.
- 8 - Oliviero Oliveri, Commisario straordinario april 1950-K.
- 9 - Dr.Aliviero Enrico, 1950 Juun-k.
- 10: e - Vecco Carlo, Novembar 0,1953-K.11.
- 11: cali cumar sheegow 1953-1956
- 11 - Maxamed Shiikh Jamaal Cabdullaahi, Duq Magaalo, 1956-1960 k.
- 12 - Axmed Muudde Xuseen, Duq Magaalo Novembar, 1960-1962 k.
- 13 - Dr. Keynadiid Axmed Yuusuf, Commisario straordinario, 30-kQ kQ Agoosto 1962-1963.
- 14 - Shariif Maxamed imaankeey Duq magalo Septenber 63-1965 k
- 15 - Cumar Xasan Maxamuud (Cumar Istarliin), 1965-1966 Febraayo k.
- 16 - Dr.Shariif Maxamed Caydaruus, Duq Magaalo, Maarso 1966-1970-k.
- 17 - G / Sare le Axmed Maxamuud Cadde, Commisario straordinario, 20-K-K Novembar 1970.
- Maxamed Ibraahim Guuleed
- 18 - Gaashaanle Sare Cusmaan Maxamed Jeelle, Commisario straordinario, 8-dii Disembar 1970-k
- 19 - Gaashaanle Sare Xasan Abshir Faarax, 0,28-kQ Magaalo Duq Maarso 1973 - KQ.
- 20 - Yuusuf Ibraahim Cali (Abuuraas), Duq Magaalo, Febraayo 1976-k.
- 21 - Dr.Cabdullaahi Salaad Warsame, Duq Magaalo, Maajo 1981-k.
- 22 - Gaashaanle sare Xasan Abshir Faarax, Duq Magaalo, 1982-k.
- 23 - Cali Ugaas Cabdulle, Duq Magaalo, 1987-k.
- 24 - Sayid Cumar Xaaji Maxamuud, Duq Magaalo Jannaayo ,16-1990-k k.
- 25 - Sarreeye Guuto Axmed Jilacow Caddow, Duq Magaalo, 18-K-K Oktoobar 1990.
- 26 konayl Cumar xaashi Aadan Guddoomiyaha G/banaadir ahna Duqa magaalada 1992_1994.
- 27 - Dr. Xuseen Cali Axmed, Duqa magaalada muqdisho iyo Gudoomiyaha Gobolka Banaadir 1994
- 28 - Cabdullahi Muuse Xuseen Duqa Magaalada Muqdisho 2000-2004
- 28- Maxamed Cumar Xabeeb Duqa Magaalada/ Gudoomiya Gobolka 2007-2009
- 28a-Eng.Cabdirisaq Maxamed Nuur/ Guddomiyaha Gobolka Banaadir 2009
- 29- Maxamud Axmed Nuur Tarsan Duqa Magaalada ahna Gudoomiyaha Gobolka 2010-2013
- 30- Xasan Maxamed Xuseen( Mungaab) Duqa Magaalada ahna Gudoomiyaha Gobolka 2013-2014
- 31-Yuusuf Xuseen Jimcaale(madaale) duqa magaalada ahna Gudoomiyaha Gobolka 2015-2016
- 32-Thabit Abdi duqa magaalada Ahna Gadoomiyaha Gobolka banaadir 2017
Dawladihii iyo Maamuladii Muqdisho ka talin jiray
Waxaa magaalada Muqdisho soo xukumi jiray dowlado iyo Saldanado , maamuladaas qaarkoodi waxaa sameeyay dadkii ugu horeeyay carabta ahaa ee halkaas soo degay , qaar kalena waxey kamid aheyd qeyb katirsan qilaafadii Islaamka ee waqtigaas jirtay iyo maamulo aay sameysteen qabaail soomaaliyeed katirsan ee dega kofirta Soomaaliya.
Waxaa Dawladdahaas kamid ahaa:
- (1) Dowladii Ximyar: waqtigii ‘’Ascad ibn Karb‘’ oo ahaa mid kamid ah boqoradii ka talin jirtay yaman qarnigii 4aad ee Miilaadiga, Dawladdaan waxey kaloo soo xukuntay magaalooyinka ’buurhakaba’ Marka’’ baraawa 'baardhere';
- (2) Dowladii Umawiyiinta waqtigii Cabdulmalik Ibnu Marwaan;
- (3) Dowladii Xalawaan oo Muqdisho ka talineysay qarnigii bilowgii qarnigii 6aad ee hijriga, waxaan magaalada xukumayay Maxamed Shaah ka tirsanaa maamulka Xalawaan ee Ciraaq.;
- (4) Dowladii Zuzaan oo bartamihii qarnigii 6aad ee hijiriga Muqdisho xukumayay;
- (5) Dowladii Shiiraaziyiinta oo qarnigii 7aad hijriga, Dawladdaas waxey ku caan baxday dhisida Masaajida waaweyn oo leh qaab faarisi;
- (6) Dowladii Faqrudiin oo aasaasay Suldaan Abubakar Faqrudiin , qarnigii 13aad ee Miilaadiga, kadib markii uu ku guuleystay inuu soo afjaro qilaaf ka dhaxeeyay qabaailkii Muqdisho deganaa;
- (7) Dowladii Burtaqiiska oo magaalada Muqdisho xukumayay waqti gaaban sannadkii 1502 Miilaadiga, Burtaqiiska waxey dadkii Muqdisho deganaa kala kulmeen iska cabin xoog leh oo aay ku diidan yihiin maamulkoodi;
- (8) Dowladii Mudafar oo Muqdisho xukumeysay bilowgii qarnigii 6aad ee Miilaadiga;
- (9) Dowladii saldanadii reer Cumardiin geledi oo xukun tay intay inta badan kifirta soamali oo la dhihijiray suldan yuusuf oo xaruu tiis way agayd afgooye;
- (10) Dowladii Cumaan waa waqtigii Suldaan Barqash oo ahaa suldaankii Sinjibaar oo xukumayay xeebaha bariga Afrika bartamihii qarnigii 18aad ee Miilaadiga, markaas waxey magaalada Muqdisho siyaasad ahaan raacsaneyd Suldaankii reer Cumaan ee joogay Sinjibaar;
- (11) Dowladii Taliyaaniga oo magaalada Muqdisho qabsatay 1892 Miilaadiga, kadib markii hashiis la gashay Suldaankii reer Cumaan ee Muqdisho katalinaayi inuu ka tanaazulo xukunka ee uu qaato lacag dhan 140 kun Rubiya sannad walba;
Bilowgii 50 meeyadii waxey magaalada Muqdisho heshay maamul dowlad hoose ah, intii lagu guda jiray xurnimo raadinta 1950-1960;
1960 kii markii xurnimada la helay waxey magaalada Muqdisho noqoday caasimada dalka Soomaaliya.
Muqdisho wa mid kamid amagaalooyinka caalamka ugu waawayn.
Magaalooyinka la mataanka ah
Dalka | Magaalada |
---|---|
Italy | xamar |
Turkey | Muqdisho |
Cimilada Muqdisho
Faahfaahin Cimilada Muqdisho | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bilaha | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Sanad |
Kuleel daran °C (°F) | 34 (93) |
32 (90) |
33 (91) |
36 (97) |
34 (93) |
32 (90) |
32 (90) |
30 (86) |
32 (90) |
32 (90) |
32 (90) |
34 (93) |
36 (97) |
Kuleel aan darnayn °C (°F) | 30.2 (86.4) |
30.2 (86.4) |
30.9 (87.6) |
32.2 (90.0) |
31.2 (88.2) |
29.6 (85.3) |
28.6 (83.5) |
28.6 (83.5) |
29.4 (84.9) |
30.2 (86.4) |
30.6 (87.1) |
30.8 (87.4) |
30.2 (86.4) |
Hoos udhaca kuleelka °C (°F) | 23.0 (73.4) |
23.4 (74.1) |
24.9 (76.8) |
25.6 (78.1) |
24.9 (76.8) |
23.7 (74.7) |
23.1 (73.6) |
23.0 (73.4) |
23.4 (74.1) |
24.3 (75.7) |
24.2 (75.6) |
23.5 (74.3) |
23.9 (75.0) |
Hoos udhac qiyaas leh °C (°F) | 20 (68) |
18 (64) |
20 (68) |
20 (68) |
18 (64) |
20 (68) |
15 (59) |
16 (61) |
18 (64) |
18 (64) |
21 (70) |
20 (68) |
15 (59) |
Roobka mm (Faraha) | 0 (0) |
0 (0) |
8 (0.31) |
61 (2.4) |
61 (2.4) |
82 (3.23) |
64 (2.52) |
44 (1.73) |
25 (0.98) |
32 (1.26) |
43 (1.69) |
9 (0.35) |
429 (16.89) |
% Dhado | 78 | 78 | 77 | 77 | 80 | 80 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 80 | 79 | 79 | 79.3 |
Dhexdhexaad. Xilli roobaadka | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 6 | 10 | 9 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 47 |
Saacadaha Bilaha qorraxda | 266.6 | 251.4 | 282.1 | 261.0 | 272.8 | 219.0 | 226.3 | 254.2 | 264.0 | 266.6 | 261.0 | 257.3 | 3,082.3 |
Source #1: Weltwetter Spiegel Online | |||||||||||||
Source #2: BBC Weather |
Tareen
Tareenkii isku xiri jiray Muqdisho iyo Jowhar (Villaggio Duca Degli Abruzzi)
Meelaha uu mari jiray tareenka | |||
---|---|---|---|
0 | Muqdisho | 0 m s.l.m. | |
Wabiga Wabiga Shabeelle | |||
30 | Afgooye | 84 m s.l.m. | |
48 | Busleey | ||
66 | Adaleey | ||
92 | Garsaale | ||
Wabiga Wabiga Shabeelle | |||
113 | jowhar | 108 m s.l.m. |
Booqo
Wikimedia Commons waxee heysaa war la xiriiro Mogadishu. |
Tixraac
- ↑ Horn of Africa - Volume 2, Issue 4 - Page 34, 1979
- ↑ Leo Africanus The History and Description of Africa 1526 Hakluyt Society, pages 51–54
- ↑ Journal of African History pg.50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver
- ↑ Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia|page=252|author=Michael Dumper, Bruce E. Stanley, US, ABC-CLIO, 2007}}
- ↑ P. L. Shinnie, The African Iron Age, (Clarendon Press: 1971), p.135
- ↑ Helen Chapin Metz. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. ISBN 978-0844407753 https://archive.org/details/somaliacountryst00metz. Maqan ama ebar
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(caawin) - ↑ Battutah, Ibn (2002). Picador. pp. 88–89. ISBN 9780330418799. Maqan ama ebar
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(caawin) - ↑ Versteegh, Kees. Brill. p. 276. ISBN 978-9004144767 https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQOAQAAMAAJ. Maqan ama ebar
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(caawin) - ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 David D. Laitin, Said S. Samatar, Somalia: Nation in Search of a State, (Westview Press: 1987), p. 15.
- ↑ Chapurukha Makokha Kusimba, The Rise and Fall of Swahili States, (AltaMira Press: 1999), p.58
- ↑ Brett, Michael (1 January 1999). Ashgate/Variorum. ISBN 9780860787723 https://books.google.com/?id=6r9mAAAAMAAJ&q=ibn+khaldun+book&dq=ibn+khaldun+book. Soo qaatay 6 April 2018 – via Google Books. Maqan ama ebar
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(caawin) - ↑ Da Gama's First Voyage pg.88[tixraac dhameystiran ayaa loo baahan yahay]
- ↑ East Africa and its Invaders pg.38[tixraac dhameystiran ayaa loo baahan yahay]
- ↑ Xigasho ebar ah (caawin)
- ↑ Harris, Nigel. I.B.Tauris. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-86064-786-4 https://books.google.com/books?id=S3oyoVIIlMQC&pg=PA22. Maqan ama ebar
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(caawin) - ↑ Barendse, Rene J. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-45835-7 https://books.google.com/books?id=G3ClDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1. Maqan ama ebar
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(caawin) - ↑ The Portuguese period in East Africa – Page 112
- ↑ Dunn, Ross E. University of California. p. 373. ISBN 978-0-520-05771-5 https://archive.org/details/adventuresofibnb00ross_0. Maqan ama ebar
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(caawin), p. 125