Ciidagale
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Other Isaaq,clan. |
Ciidagale (English: Eidagale, Arabic: عيدَ جلي, Full Name:Daoud Ibn Ismail Shiekh Ishaaq) waa beel ka mid ah beelweynta Isaaq . Beeshu waxay degaan rasmiya ku tahay gobolka Maroodi jeex ee Somaliland iyo DDS Ethiopia.
Overview
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]The Eidagalle is a major Somali clan of the Isaaq clan family. Members of this clan are concentrated in Somaliland and the Somali region. They are the traditional holders of the Isaaq Sultanate since the 18th century. As descendants of Ismail bin Sheikh Isaaq, its members form a part of the Habar Magaadle confederation, and they constitute the largest sub-clan of the Isaaq.They traditionally consist of nomadic pastoralists, merchants and skilled poets.
Distribution
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
The Eidagalle, largely clan make up a significant percentage of the population in Maroodi Jeex region of Somaliland, as well as the Daroor, Aware and Misraq Gashamo zones in the Somali region of Ethiopia. They also live on the middle and south eastern side of Hargeisa as well as the Salahlay District in eastern Maroodi Jeex region. A subclan of the Eidagale, the Guuyoobe also inhabit the Oodweyne district in Togdheer region. They also have a large settlement in Kenya where they are known as a constituent segment of the Isahakia community.[1][2][3]
History
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]Lineage
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]Sheikh Ishaq was one of the scholars that crossed the sea from Arabia to the Horn of Africa to spread Islam around 12th to 13th century. Hence, Sheikh Ishaaq married two local women in Somaliland that left him eight sons, one of them being Ismail (Garhajis).[4]
Medieval period
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]Historically the Eidagalle took part in the conquest of Abyssinia and were part of the Adal Sultanate and are mentioned in the book Futuh Al-Habash (Conquest of Abyssinia) as the Habar Magaadle . The Habar Magaadle are known for producing a historical figure known as Ahmad Gurey bin Husain who was the right-hand man of Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi.[5]
I. M. Lewis discusses the existence of another leader named Ahmad Gurey, and suggests that the two leaders have been conflated into one historical figure:
The text refers to two Ahmad's with the nickname 'Left-handed'. One is regularly presented as 'Ahmad Guray, the Somali' (...) identified as Ahmad Gurey Xuseyn, chief of the Habar Magaadle. Another reference, however, appears to link the Habar Magadle with the Eidagal. The other Ahmad is simply referred to as 'Imam Ahmad' or simply the 'Imam'.This Ahmad is not qualified by the adjective Somali (...) The two Ahmad's have been conflated into one figure, the heroic Ahmed Guray[6]
For centuries, the tomb of sheikh Aw Barkhadle, which is located between Berbera and Hargeisa, was used by the Isaaq clans to settle disputes and to swear oaths of alliances under a holy relic attributed to Bilal Ibn Rabah. As traditional leaders of the Isaaq clans, the Eidagale placed themselves as mediators during the disputes.
When any grave question arises affecting the interests of the Isaakh tribe in general. On a paper yet carefully preserved in the tomb, and bearing the sign-manual of Belat [Bilal], the slave of one of the early khaleefehs, fresh oaths of lasting friendship and lasting alliances are made...In the season of 1846 this relic was brought to Berbera in charge of the Haber Gerhajis, and on it the rival tribes of Aial Ahmed and Aial Yunus swore to bury all animosity and live as brethren.[7]
The Eidagalle were renowned for their equestrian skills, and their devastating raids extended between the coast and the interior. According to Swayne, who traversed through Somaliland in the late 19th century, the Eidagalle were amongst the clans most addicted to raiding:
The tribes near the northern coast most addicted to raiding appear to be the Habr Awal, the Eidagalle, and the Habr Gerhajis.[8]
Apart from their equestrian skills, the Eidagalle are also famed for their eloquence in traditional Somali poetry (gabay), producing many famous poets such as Xasan Tarabi and Elmi Boodhari. Historically, the Eidagale were viewed as "the recognized experts in the composition of poetry" by their fellow Somali contemporaries:[9]
Among the tribes, the Eidagalle are the recognized experts in the composition of poetry. One individual poet of the Eidagalle may be no better than a good poet of another tribe, but the Eidagalla appear to have more poets than any other tribe. "if you had a hundred Eidagalle men here," Hersi Jama once told me, "And asked which of them could sing his own gabei ninety-five would be able to sing. The others would still be learning."[10]
For centuries, the Eidagalle were influential stakeholders in the long-distance Somali caravan trade. Eidagalle merchants procured various goods from the Somali Region in present-day Ethiopia, such as livestock, acacia gum, myrrh and ghee, which were subsequently exported to Southern Arabia. The Eidagale caravan merchants founded several inland trade entrepôts in the interior, which also includes the modern city of Hargeisa, founded in the 19th century as a caravan junction between Berbera and the Somali interior.[11][12]
Somalis of the Habr Gerhajis tribe arrive from Ogadain with feathers, myrrh, gum, sheep, cattle, and ghee, carrying away in exchange piece goods; they also make four trips in the season; they remain for less than a month, and during their stay reside with fellow-tribesmen, taking their meals in the mokhbâzah or eating-house.[13]
Clan tree
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
A summarized clan family tree of the Eidagalle is presented below.[14]
- Daoud (Eidagalle)
- Mohamed Daoud (Guyoobe)
- Egal Mohamed (Rer Cigal)
- Ali Mohamed (Afwayne) (7 Clan branch)
- Urkurag Mohamed
- Ali Urkurag
- Fiqi Sa'ad Ali
- Mahamoud Ali
- Ahmed Ali
- Ismail Ali
- Ali Ismail
- Osman Ali
- Jama Ali
- Awga Ali
- Yonis Ali
- Ileiye Ali
- Hagga Ali
- Farah Ali
- Hassan Farah
- Nuh Ali
- Ali Nuh
- Aden Ali
- Guled Aden
- Ali Aden
- Roble Ali
- Hassan Roble
- Ali Roble
- Abdalle Ali
- Geedi Abdalle
- Mahamed Abdalle
- Ali Ismail
- Ali Urkurag
- Abokor Daoud
- Bilaal Abokor
- Mohamed Bilaal
- Egal Mohamed (Rer Cigal)
- Farah Mohamed
- Hassan Mohamed
- Abdi Mohamed
- Ali Abdi
- Geedi Abdi
- Aden Abdi
- Abdalle Mohamed
- Samater Abdalle
- Ali Abdalle
- Aden Abdalle
- Mohamed Bilaal
- Issa Abokor
- Mohamed Isse
- Deria Mohamed
- Dualeh Mohamed
- Musa Mohammed
- Hassan Isse
- Allamagan Hassan
- Afi Hassan
- Abar Hassan
- Hujale Hassan
- Yusuf Hasan
- Mohamed Isse
- Bilaal Abokor
- Muse Daoud
- Abokor Muse
- Hassan Abokor
- Muse Hassan
- Laqshe Hassan
- Basiralle Hassan
- Dhimbil Hassan
- Mohammed Dhimbil
- Musa Mohammed
- Adawe Muse
- Allamagan Adawe
- Absiye Adawe
- Yusuf Adawe
- Aden Muse
- Had Aden
- Geedi Aden
- Abane Aden
- Roble Aden
- Boqorre Aden
- Sugulle Boqorre
- Yusuf Boqorre
- Egal Boqorre
- Abdi Boqorre
- Liban Boqorre
- Adawe Muse
- Fatah Mohammed
- Muawiye Mohammed
- Guled Mohammed
- Musa Mohammed
- Mohammed Dhimbil
- Muuse Dhimbil
- Abdalle Muuse
- Jibril Abdalle
- Kaliil Jibril
- Cileye
- Abdi
- Ismail
- Indhoad
- Aden Jibril
- Benin Aden
- Nur Aden
- Ali Adan
- Cileye Adan
- Adan Adan
- Ahmed Aden
- Eiye Aden
- Abdi Jibril
- Ali Abdi
- Nour Abdi
- Benin Abdi
- Abdille Abdi
- Gallab Abdille
- Eiye Abdille (Rer Eiye)
- Guled Eiye
- Abokor Eiye
- Kaliil Eiye
- Hagar Eiye
- Mohamed Abdille
- Ahmad Mahamed
- Ali Ahmed
- Abdi Ali
- kaliil Ali
- Deria Ali
- Ali Ahmed
- Gubadle Ahmed
- Ahmad Mahamed
- Kaliil Jibril
- Jibril Abdalle
- Mohamoud Muuse
- Shirdon Mohamoud
- Farah Shirdon
- Jama Shirdon
- Yusuf Shirdon
- Hildiid Mohamoud
- Ali Hildiid
- Odawa Hildiid
- Geedi Hildiid
- Abokor Hildiid
- Hersi Hildiid
- Shirdon Mohamoud
- Abdalle Muuse
- Ahmed Dhimbil
- Muse Ahmed
- Liban Ahmed
- Abdi Liban
- Ismail Abdi
- Shirwac Ismail
- Hildiid Ismail
- Imaan Ismail
- Bulale Ismail
- Mohamed Ahmed
- Sarar Mohamed
- Nour Sarar
- Mohamed Sarar
- Ahmed(Bedar) Mohamed
- Koshin Ahmed
- Samter Ahmed
- Uballe Ahmed
- Mohamed Ahmed
- Sarar Mohamed
- Ismail Abdi
- Abdi Liban
- Aden Abokor
- Awal Aden
- Abdi Awal
- Had Abdi
- Omar Abdi
- Nur Abdi
- Mohamoud Abdi
- Abdi Awal
- Hassan Aden
- Ziyad Hassan
- Odawa Hassan
- Ladon Hassan
- Aden Ladon
- Abdalle Hassan
- Ahmed Abdalle
- Geedi Ahmed
- Ali Geedi
- Geele Geedi
- Hode Geedi
- Samter Geedi
- Musa Geedi
- Allamgan Geedi
- Halas Ahmed
- Egal Ahmed
- Geedi Ahmed
- Abdi Abdalle
- Ali Abdalle
- Ahmed Abdalle
- Awal Aden
- Hassan Abokor
- Abdirahman Muse
- Yunis Abdirahman
- Adan Yonis
- Siad Aden
- Mohamed Aden
- Ali Adan
- Bah Tiiley
- Egal Adan
- Warmoog Egal
- Hassan Egal
- Muse Adan
- Warsame
- Ismail
- Liban
- Warsame
- Ugaadh Yonis
- Farah Ugadh
- Mohamed Ugadh
- Ismail Yonis
- Mohamed Yonis
- Gadid Mohamed
- Mahamoud Mohamed
- Ali Mohamed
- Hassan Ali
- Saeed Ali
- Yaay Ali
- Guled Ali
- Gadid Guled
- Hassan Guled
- Osman Guled
- Gutale Osman (Rer Gutale)
- Naleye Osman
- kadiye Naleye (Rer kadie)
- Warsame kadiye
- Adan Yonis
- Abdulle Abdirahman
- Mohamed Abdulle (Bah Daylo)
- Gadid Mohamed
- Abdalle Gadid
- Abdulle Mohamed
- Hasan Abdulle
- Aden Abdulle
- Fatah Aden
- Ali Aden
- Hode Ali
- Geldon Ali
- Roble Ali
- Odawa Ali
- Koshin Odawa
- Guled Odawa
- Mahad Odawa
- Naleye Odawa
- Hagar Odawa
- Cawad Hager
- Loge Mohamed
- Adawe Loge
- Egal Loge
- Mohamed Loge
- Yusuf Mohamed (Baho Loge)
- Afi Mohamed (Baho Loge)
- Ali Mohamed (Baho Loge)
- Samater Mahamed
- Dable Samater
- Hildiid Mahamed
- Ali Hildiid
- Galan Ali (Baha Ali)
- Geedi Ali (Baha Ali)
- Absiye Ali (Rer Absie)
- Farah Absiye
- Nour Farah
- Dardar Absiye
- Hersi Absiye
- Abdille Absiye
- Hujale Absiye
- Dubad Absiye
- Abtidon Absiye
- Magan Absiye
- Wais Absiye
- Ali Hildiid
- Gadid Mohamed
- Ibrahim Abdulle
- Kul Ibrahim (Rer Kul)
- Abdi Ibrahim (Abdi Dheere)
- Hildiid Abdi
- Burale Abdi
- Roble Abdi
- Geedi Abdi
- Qabile Abdi
- Abokor Ibrahim
- Iidle Abokor (Rer Iidle)
- Ismail Iidle
- Yusuf Ismail
- Farah Yusuf
- Ali Farah
- Farah Yusuf
- Harun Ismail
- Nageye Harun
- Hildiid Nageye
- Hugur Nageye
- Wais Harun
- Jama Wais
- Jilal Wais
- Habarwa Wais
- Hassan Harun
- Ali Hassan
- Gabal Ali
- Yusuf Ali
- Hussein Ali
- Hildiid Al
- Aninanshe Ali
- Samter Ali
- Isse Ali (Rer Haji Isse)
- Wahid Isse
- Mohamed Isse
- Ali Hassan
- Nageye Harun
- Yusuf Ismail
- Barre Iidle
- Samter Barre
- Wais Samter
- Abokor Barre
- Habarwa Barre
- Hildiid Barre
- Egal Hildiid
- Had Hildiid
- Liban Barre
- Ali Barre
- Yabaal Barre
- Osman Barre
- Samter Barre
- Ismail Iidle
- Hussein Abokor Matan (Gaashabuur)
- Roble Matan (Rer Roble)
- Abdille Roble
- Benin Roble
- Jibril Roble
- Guled Roble
- Barre Roble
- Mohamed Roble
- Yonis Matan
- Hamud Matan (Rer Hamud)
- Adawe Hamud (Rer Adawe)
- Gabllah Adawe
- Abdalle Adawe
- Hersi Adawe
- Yusuf Adawe
- Benin Hamud (Rer Benin 4 branch )
- Abdalle Hamud
- Ciroole Hamud
- Ali Hamud
- Bayle Hamud
- Fahiye Hamud
- Adawe Hamud (Rer Adawe)
- Adan Matan
- Abane Adan
- Abtidon Abane
- Wager Abane
- Ali Wager
- Aden Wager
- Mohamed wager
- Roble Mohamed
- Arralleh Roble
- Elmi Arralleh
- Hassan Arralleh
- Arralleh Roble
- Roble Mohamed
- Burale Adan (Rer Burale)
- Suban Burale
- Gabal Burale
- Samter Burale
- Egal Samter
- Hersi Samter
- Warfa Hersi
- Sarar Samter
- Dualeh Sarer
- Shirdon Sarer
- Muse Adan
- Barre Adan
- Ergin (Mohamed) Adan
- Deria Ergin
- Mohamed Ergin
- Wais Adan
- Fiiin Adan
- Abdille Adan
- Damal Adan
- Gobdon Damal (Rer Gabdoon)
- Ismail Gabdon
- Ergin Gabdon
- Quruh Gabdon
- Gadi Gabdon
- Fahiye Gabdon
- Qalib Gabdon
- Shirwac Gabdon
- Nour Gabdon
- Hersi Gabdon
- Deria Gabdon (Rer Diriye)
- Jama Deria
- Awed Deria
- Roble Deria
- Farah Deria
- Naleye Deria
- Galab Deria
- Shire Deria
- Hussein Deria
- Warsame Deria
- Food Deria
- Yusuf Deria
- Gobdon Damal (Rer Gabdoon)
- Ragsaleh Damal (Dhamal Yar Yar)
- Hode Damal (Dhamal Yar Yar)
- Fatah Damal (Dhamal Yar Yar)
- Gabib Damal (Dhamal Yar Yar)
- Boon Damal (Dhamal Yar Yar)
- Deria Damal (Rer Deriye)
- Aollow Deria
- Bubal Deria
- Esa Damal
- Aden Esa
- Guled Esa (Addeh)
- Warfa Esa (Gaal -Eri)
- Liban Esa (Rer Liban)
- Deria Liban
- Ali Deria
- Abdi Deria
- Ladon Deria
- Geedi Liban
- Warfa Geedi
- Aden Geedi
- Afdhub Liban
- Hared Liban
- Bulale Liban
- Jama Liban
- Farah Liban
- Hussein Liban
- Deria Liban
- Hassan Esa (Rer Hassan Isse)
- Mohamed Hassan
- Odawa Hassan
- Shire Hassan
- Bedar Hassan
- Amarre Hassan
- Ahmed Hassan
- Abdi Hassan
- Ali Hassan
- Yusuf Ali
- Osman Ali
- Sharmake Hassan
- Nour Sharmake
- Hared Sharmake
- Arralleh Sharmake
- Hersi Sharmake
- Geele Sharmake
- Harti Sharmake
- Abune Sharmake
- Harti Abune
- Shire Abune
- Jama Abune
- Guled Abune
- Ali Hassan
- Abdi Esa (Rer Abdi Isse)
- Mohamed Abdi (Ba' Eli)
- Ainanshe Mohamed
- Hassan Mohamed
- Farah Mohamed
- Elmi Mohamed
- Amarre Abdi (Ba' Eli)
- Sugulle Abdi (Ba' Eli)
- Wais Abdi (Ba' Gooni)
- Warfa Abdi (Ba' Gooni)
- Ileiye Afwayne Abdi (Ba' Gooni)
- Rage Abdi (Ba' Madhiedho)
- Absiye Rage
- Geele Rage (RerAw)
- Abdalle Geele
- Dualeh Abdi (Ba' Madhiedho)
- Awad Abdi (Ba' Awal)
- Abdalle Abdi (Ba' Habarwa)
- Ali Abdi (Ba' Samane)
- Roble Abdi (Ba' Samane)
- Abdi bari (Ba' Samane)
- Wais Abdi (Rer Wais)
- Habrwa Abdi
- Rage Abdi
- Awed Abdi
- Mohamed Abdi
- Ahmed Mohamed
- Abdi Ahmed
- Elmi Ahmed
- Ali Elmi
- Naleye Elmi
- Ahmed Mohamed
- Ainanshe Abdi (Ba' Iido)
- Guled Abdi (Ba' Iido)
- Aden Abdi (Ba' Iido)
- Sharmake Aden
- Guled Abdi (Rer Guleed)
- Yusuf Guled
- Roble Guled
- Jama Guled
- Deria Guled
- Egal Guled
- Dualeh Guled
- Qawdhan Dualeh
- Nour Dualeh
- Mahamoud Dualeh
- Gatah Guled
- Magan Guled
- Warfaa Guled
- Ali Guled
- Abdi Guled
- Farah Guled
- Mohamed Farah
- Warfa Farah
- Hurre Farah
- Nour Farah
- Naleye Farah
- Barre Farah
- Shire Farah
- Hassan Farah
- Abdi Farah
- Duale Farah
- Mohamed Abdi (Ba' Eli)
- Abane Adan
- Roble Matan (Rer Roble)
- Iidle Abokor (Rer Iidle)
- Mohamed Abdulle (Bah Daylo)
- Yunis Abdirahman
- Abokor Muse
- Mohamed Daoud (Guyoobe)
Notable people
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]- Abdillahi Deria – Prominent anti-colonial figure and 5th Grand Sultan of the Isaaq
- Maxamed Mooge Liibaan (Baban)
- Sh.Mohamed Ali Geedi – Scholar and Religious leader , and Founder of Horn of Africa charity Organization and Educational party (هيئة القرن الافريقي الخير ية)
- Abwan Dheeg – Prominent Somali poet.
- Faysal Ali Hussein
- Ismail Hurre Buba
- Eng Gaabuush – was a scholar and military leader at SNM
- Kol Aden Guhad (Aden Wali)
- Ahmed Mooge Liibaan
- Hassan Guure Jama
- Kol Ibrahim koodbuur
- Eng Hussien Yusuf Ma'ash (Qooqane)
- Haji Abdulkarim Hussein Yusuf (Abdi Warabe) – Is one of oldest and well known genuine
traditional leaders in Somaliland.
- Guled – 1st Grand Sultan of the Isaaq clan
- Khadra Dahir Eige
- Abwan Abdi Gahayr – legendary warrior and poet
- Farah Guled – 2nd Grand Sultan of the Isaaq
- Jama Mahamed Qalib –Served as speaker of the Somali Parliament during the Somali Republic's early civilian administration, between 1960 and 1964
- Abwan Hassan Mohamoud Shaywaal (Xasan Tarabi)
- Muuse Ismail Qalilnle – Was a prominant Somali artist, musician, and singer
- Kol. Abdi Yusuf Oday – Was Commander of training school at Awarre
- Abdikarin Ahmed mooge
- Siyasi Ali Ibraahim Mahamed (Cali Sanyare )
- Prof. Husien Mohamed Aden (Tansania)
- Abwaan Hasan Qawadhan – Is well-known Somali poet who has written outstanding poetry.
- Siyasi Ibrahim Mahdi buba
- Sul Mohamed Abdi qadir (8th grand suldan of Isaaq)
- Daud Mahamed – the ninth and current grand sultan
- Hussein Mohamed Jiciir
- Suldan Sakariye S.Mohamed S.C/Lahi S.Galal
- Suldan Aden S.Farah S.Omar
- Mohamoud Guure Hussein (Gaal-Eri) – Was a scholar who took part in SNM and was responsible for the office in Farance. And accountable for the foreign Staratic plociy in Somalia, during the Ogaden war.
- Idiris Haji Cisman Gurey
- Jama Mohammed Galib
- Abwan Hassan Hussein – legendary warrior and poet.
- Abwan Bashir Ismail Mire (Bashir Gabyaye)
- Abdirahman Jama Andholeh – Anti Colonial fighter
- Cabdiraxmaan Jamac Cadhoole – Halgama Waynaa ee ka Qayb Qaatay la'dagaalankii Gumastihii Faransiiska.
- Ahmed koosar (Silanyo) – Is the commander of the Koodbur Brigade of the SNM
- Mohamed Hassan Finad – Politician and Activist
- Ahmed Mahamed dirye (Toorno)
- Gen. Mohamed Osman Aalin (Dayib) – The Father of Somaliland Immigration border .
- Abwan Ali Mooge Geedi Egal – Great Somali poet and well-known, who has written outstanding poetry
- Hussien Mohamed Mahamoud (Huseen Hog) – Former Minister of Health of Somaliland
- Kol Maxamed Hussein Qalinle
- Khadar Hussien Abdi – Politician and Minster of the presidency of Somaliland.
- Xaye Galaydh Farah – legendary warrior and poet
- Abdishakur Dayib Mohamed – Journalist
- Abdillahi Mohamed Dahir (Cukuse)
- Omar Abdillahi Sayid – Former Hargeisa and Berbera Airport Manager
- Sh. Shacaban Abdillahi
- Sh.Khadar Abdillahi Badeed
- Kol Jama Hussien – The Commander of SNM's Third Party Fighter
- Elmi Boodhari
- Hussein Arab Isse
- Eng Abdirisaq Farah Wiiwa
- Hussein Ali Mahamado – Activist And Founder Ina Guuxa Foundation
- Sh.Cisman Langadhe
- Nadiir Yusuf – Activist And Politician
- Kol Dahir Ainanshe ( Moqosle)
- Bihi Iman Eige – Minister of Finance of the Federal Government of Somalia
- Kol Abdillahi Bihi Oday – The commander of the SNM mine force
- Sucaad Ibrahim Abdi – Politician and Activist
- Abdi Bidhan Dahir – Journalist
- Fadumo faysal – The founder and CEO of Hoiwa Oy .
- Jama Asker – Politician and Member of the Federal Parliament of Somalia
- Abwan Ahmed Colaad (Qorane) – A famous poet and Member of Somalia Parliament
- Shiekh Harreed (Xareed) –Islamic Scholar and Religious leader
- Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member of the Federal Parliament of Somalia
- Khaalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist and Founder kF Media
- Kol Hahi – Is the leader of the SNM war tactic that reaches the military in Lasanod city.
- Abwan Muse Ali Farur – prominent Somali poet
- Mahdi Guled – Former prime minister of Somalia
References
[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]- ↑ Diiriye, Anwar Maxamed (2006). Literature of Somali Onomastics & Proverbs with Comparison of Foreign Sayings.ISBN978-0-9726615.
- ↑ Waal, Alexander De (1993). "Violent deeds live on: landmines in Somalia and Somaliland, p. 63
- ↑ Lewis, I. M. (3 February 2017). I.M Lewis : peoples of the Horn of Africa. ISBN 9781315308173.
- ↑ I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), pp. 31 & 42
- ↑ "مخطوطات > بهجة الزمان > الصفحة رقم 16". makhtota.ksu.edu.sa. Retrieved 2017-08-24.
- ↑ Morin, Didier (2004). Dictionnaire historique afar: 1288-1982 (in French). KARTHALA Editions. ISBN 9782845864924.
- ↑ "The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society Volume 19 p.61-62". 1849.
- ↑ Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia. p. 40.
- ↑ Diriye, p. 75.
- ↑ Laurance, Margaret. A tree for poverty: Somali poetry and prose. McMaster University Library Press. p. 27.
- ↑ Journal of African Languages. University of Michigan Press. 1963. p. 27.
- ↑ Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia. p. 96.
- ↑ Hunter, Frederick (1877). An Account of the British Settlement of Aden in Arabia. Cengage Gale. p. 41.
- ↑ Hunt, John A. (1951). A general survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950. Wayback Machine (archived 2 February 2022). p. 147.